Available in Russian
Author: Irina Galyaeva
DOI: 10.21128/1812-7126-2022-3-62-99
Keywords: preliminary constitutional control; preliminary constitutional review; constitutional veto; political veto; promulgation; specialized and political constitutional control; written procedure in constitutional courts; consequences of the decisions of the constitutional courts; res judicata; stare decisis
Preliminary review of the constitutionality of laws is one of the primary types of constitutional control of legislation. While it exists in many countries of the world, as to domestic doctrine, research about it is limited to a description of the French model of constitutional control. The purpose of this article is to describe this institution based on analyses of constitutions, legislation, the practice of constitutional control bodies, and the doctrines of countries in different parts of the world (Latin America, Europe, Africa, Asia). This article studies the experience only of specialized judicial bodies of constitutional control. It has been established that the most important aspects of analyses of this institution in various countries are the moment of application of preliminary control either “at the entry” or “at the exit”, including the relationship of preliminary control and the right of veto; who may seek this review; the features of this procedure (such as time limits for making a decision, the form of application for review, formation of the subject of verification); and the consequences of a decision of constitutionality or unconstitutionality, including its relationship to subsequent constitutional review. Thus, preliminary judicial control of the law is carried out, as a rule, from the moment the legislative process for a law begins and continues through enactment by the parliament and until signing or promulgation of the law, which is described as control “at the entry”. Between these time points, there may be a veto by the head of state, the relationship of which to preliminary control “at the exit” depends on whether a veto on constitutional grounds and a veto on political grounds are differentiated in a given country. Who may apply for preliminary constitutional control is limited, but regardless of the form of government, the most frequently permitted entities are the president and a group of parliamentarians. The most notable features of preliminary constitutional review as a whole are its predominantly written nature, the limited time limits for it, and the way courts evaluate the contested norms. At the same time, the consequences of decisions not only of unconstitutionality but also of constitutionality are important, since this decision may lead to the impossibility of exercising subsequent constitutional review of the same law.
About the author: Irina Galyaeva – postgraduate student of the Faculty of Law, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Citation: Galyaeva I. (2022) Ne tol’ko Frantsiya: predvaritel’nyy sudebnyy konstitutsionnyy kontrol’ zakonodatel’stva v mire [Not only France: preliminary review of the constitutionality of laws around the world]. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 62–99. (In Russian).
References
Aimilianidēs A.K. (2019) Constitutional Law in Cyprus, Alphen aan der Rijn: Wolters Kluwer Law International.
Belov S.A., Manzhosov S.A. (2020) Doktrina pretsedenta v konstitutsionnom i mezhdunarodnom pravosudii [Doctrine of precedent in constitutional and international justice], Saint Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. (In Russian).
Brewer-Carías A.-R. (2016) Dictadura Judicial y perversión del Estado de Derecho: La Sala Constitucional y la destrucción de la democracia en Venezuela, 2nd ed., Caracas; New York: Editorial Jurídica Venezolana Internacional.
Casey J.P. (1987) Constitutional Law in Ireland, London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Constantinescu M. (ed.) (2004) Constituția României revizuită: comentarii și explicații, București: Editura All Beck.
Dickson B. (ed.) (2019) The Irish Supreme Court: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Drago G. (2016) Contentieux constitutionnel français, 4th ed., Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Favoreu L. (ed.) (2018) Droit constitutionnel, 21st ed., Paris: Dalloz.
Favoreu L. (1990) Modèle européen et modèle américain de justice constitutionnelle. Annuaire international de justice constitutionnelle, vol. 4, pp. 51–66.
Garner B.A., Black H.C. (eds.) (2009) Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th ed., St. Paul, MN: West.
Goesel-Le Bihan V. (2016) Contentieux constitutionnel, 2nd ed., Paris: Ellipses.
Hamon F., Troper M. (2012) Droit constitutionnel, 33rd ed., Paris: LGDJ.
Hogan G., Kinsella E. (2012) The Origins of the Irish Constitution, 1928–1941, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
Kenny D., Casey C. (2020) Shadow Constitutional Review: The Dark Side of Pre-Enactment Political Review in Ireland and Japan. International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 51–77.
Kokotov A.N. (2020) Predvaritel’nyy kontrol’ pravovykh aktov Konstitutsionnym Sudom Rossii [Preliminary control of legal acts by the Constitutional Court of Russia]. Zakon, no. 12, pp. 29–39. (In Russian).
Kokott J., Kaspar M. (2012) Ensuring Constitutional Efficacy. In: Rosenfeld M., Sajу A. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 795–815.
Kombos C. (2021) Idiosyncratic Constitutional Review in Cyprus: (Re-)Design, Survival and Kelsen. The Vienna Journal on International Constitutional Law, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 473–496.
Strashun B.A. (ed.) (2007) Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran.Obshchaya chast’: uchebnik dlya vuzov [Constitutional (state) law of foreign countries. General part: a handbook for universities], 4th ed., Moscow: Norma. (In Russian).
Malinovskiy V.A. (2012) Lider: prezidentskaya vlast’ v Kazakhstane na rubezhe epokh: monografiya [Leader: Presidential Power in Kazakhstan at the Turn of the Era: a monograph], Astana: TOO Izdatel’stvo “Norma-K”. (In Russian).
Maklakov V.V. (2012) Konstitutsionnoe (gosudarstvennoe) pravo zarubezhnykh stran. Obshchaya chast’: uchebnik [Constitutional (state) law of foreign countries. General part: a handbook], 2nd ed., Moscow: Infotropik Media. (In Russian).
Miryasheva E.V., Pavlikov S.G., Safonov V.E. (2015) Sudebnyy konstitutsionnyy kontrol’ v Rossii i zarubezhnykh stranakh: istoriya i sovremennost’ [Judicial constitutional control in Russia and foreign countries: history and modernity], Moscow: Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet pravosudiya. (In Russian).
Parau C.E. (2013) Romania’s Transnational Constitution. In: Galligan D., Versteeg M. (eds.) Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 497–531.
Rakitskaya I.A. (2015) Konstitutsionnyy kontrol’ v stranakh Severnoy Evropy [Constitutional control in the Nordic countries]. In: Pavlov E.Ya., Kremyanskaya E.A. (eds.) Konstitutsionnyy kontrol’ v zarubezhnykh stranakh: kollektivnaya monografiya [Constitutional control in foreign countries: a collective monograph], Moscow: MGIMO-Universitet, pp. 92–114. (In Russian).
Rytel-Warzocha A. (2019) Prewencyjna kontrola konstytucyjności prawa w Polsce na tle państw europejskich, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskieg.
Royo F.J.P. (1986) Crónica de un error: el recurso previo de inconstitucionalidad contra leyes orgánicas. Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, vol. 6, no. 17, pp. 137–170.
Ruiz-Tagle Vial P. (2015) Control preventivo de constitucionalidad. Revista de Derecho Público, no. 72, pp. 15–27.
Soares R.C. (2018) A fiscalização preventiva da constitucionalidade: Sua Afirmação Como Instrumento de Justiça Constitucional, Coimbra: Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra.
Sokolov N.Ya., Karmadonov K.S. (2018) Ofitsial’noe opublikovanie normativnykh pravovykh aktov: uchebnoe posobie [Official publication of normative legal acts: a handbook], 2nd ed., Moscow: Prospekt. (In Russian).
Sonntag N. (2011) Gedanken zu einer Theorie der präventiven Normenkontrolle in Österreich. Journal für Rechtspolitik, vol. 19, no. 3–4, pp. 301–312.
Ó Tuama S. (2008) Judicial Review under the Irish Constitution: More American than Commonwealth. Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–24.
Velasco S.S. (2015) El veto presidencial y el Tribunal Constitucional. Anuariodederechopúblico, pp. 201–221.