Available in Russian
Author: Andrey Rumyantsev
DOI: 10.21128/1812-7126-2023-6-4-32
Keywords: artificial intelligence; robotics; mind-body problem; legal personality; technological risks; transhumanism
The subject of artificial intelligence is constantly in the spotlight of modern society. Reports on its development are not just numerous but also extremely diverse. In this article, an attempt is made to structure this information from the standpoint of jurisprudence by dividing the emerging issues into three groups: (1) the emergence of new legal persons, (2) the emergence of new technological risks, and (3) changes in society related to automatization. The distinctions between these groups have both cognitive and practical significance. Study of innovations in these areas presents tasks of different levels of complexity. This, in addition to the cognitive aspect, affects the regulatory one: the difficulty of reaching consensus on the necessary legal measures varies for issues arising in the different groups. Special attention is paid to the emergence of “smart” machines comparable to humans. The article provides an overview of existing views on the nature of human mental properties (mind-body problem), as well as an assessment of whether modern computers can have these properties. Special attention is paid to important socio-legal aspects. For example, the role of formalization and unification of certain segments of society, which occurred in the previous period and prepared the automation phase, is considered. Some questions currently do not have a definite answer. For example, experts are undecided about what will happen to employment. Some observers paint an extremely gloomy picture of the displacement of humans by automata and robots, while others offer more optimistic scenarios. But in any case, due to the expansion of the scope of application of automatic devices, changes in the methods of regulation in society should be expected. The rule-based method of regulation applicable to human behavior will gradually be replaced by an algorithmic one applied to computers. Creating a functioning heterogeneous environment in which people interact with various kinds of automata is a separate and difficult task. The article’s main conclusion is that even at the current level of technology, the broader use of artificial intelligence can lead to serious social changes.
About the author: Andrey Rumyantsev – Dr. jur. (Regensburg), Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Comparative constitutional review”, Moscow, Russia.
Citation: Rumyantsev A. (2023) Obshchestvo, pravo i gryadushchiy mir robotov: vmeste s lyud’mi ili vmesto? [Society, law, and the coming world of robots: cooperating with humans or replacing them?]. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4–32. (In Russian).
References
Allen R.C. (2017) The Industrial Revolution: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beck U. (1986) Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Carrier M., Mittelstraß J. (1989) Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten: Das Leib-Seele-Problem und die Philosophie der Psychologie, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Churchland P.M. (1984) Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press.
Dück H. (2015) “Made in Germany” zwischen Auslaufmodell und Gütesiegel, Münster: Lit Verlag.
Elster J. (ed.) (1984) Karl Marx: A Reader, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Feinberg J. (1974) The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations. In: Blackston W.T. (ed.) Philosophy & Environmental Crisis, Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, pp. 43–68.
Ford M. (2019) Roboty nastupayut: razvitie tekhnologiy i budushchee bez raboty [Rise of the robots: technology and the threat of a jobless future], S. Chernin (transl.), Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn. (In Russian).
Frey C.B., Osborne M.A. (2013) The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation. Available at: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/publications/the-future-of-employment/ (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Friedlaender L. (1934) Sittengeschichte Roms, Wien: Phaidon-Verlag.
Görz G. (ed.) (1995) Einführung in die künstliche Intelligenz, 2nd ed., Bonn; Paris; Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Higgins D.M. (2018) Brands, Geographical Origin, and the Global Economy: A History from the Nineteenth Century to the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hyde W. W. (1916) The Prosecution and Punishment of Animals and Lifeless Things in the Middle Ages and Modern Times. The University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 696–730.
Joy B. (2000) Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us. Wired, 1 April. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/ (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Joye S.R. (2020) The Electromagnetic Brain: EM Field Theories on the Nature of Consciousness, Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.
Littman M. et al. (2021) Gathering Strange, Gathering Storms: The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) 2021 Study Panel Report. Available at: https://ai100.stanford.edu/2021-report (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Markoff J. (2020) Homo Roboticus: Lyudi i mashiny v poiskakh vzaimoponimaniya [Machines of loving grace: the quest for common ground between humans and robots], V.Ionov, S.Makharadze (transl.), Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn. (In Russian).
McCarthy J. (1996) What Has AI in Common with Philosophy? Available at: https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/aiphil.pdf (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Mitterauer M. (1992) Familie und Arbeitsteilung: Historischvergleichende Studien, Wien; Köln; Weimar: Böhlau-Verlag.
Moravec H. (1988) Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence, Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press.
Nersesyants V.S. (ed.) (2001) Problemy obshchey teorii prava i gosudarstva [Topics of the general legal and state theory], Moscow: Norma. (In Russian).
Parsons T. (1964) The Social System, New York: The Free Press.
Radbruch G. (1932) Rechtsphilosophie, 3rd ed., Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.
Rumyantsev A. (2021) Obosoblenie “tsifrovykh” prav: novye tekhnologii, novye vozmozhnosti, novye ogranicheniya [Separation of “digital” rights: new technologies, new opportunities, new restrictions]. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 70–105. (In Russian).
Russell S.J., Norvig P. (1995) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Semenova V.G., Ivanova A.E., Sabgayda T.P., Zubko A.V., Zaporozhchenko V.G., Gavrilova N.S., Evdokushkina G.N., Chizhikova I.O. (2021) Poteri rossiyskogo naseleniya ot vneshnikh prichin i spetsifika ikh ucheta [Mortality from external causes among the Russian population and specifics of its registration]. Sotsial’nye aspekty zdorov’ya naseleniya, 12 May. Available at: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1249/30/lang,ru/ (accessed: 18.12.2023). (In Russian).
Stone P. et al. (2016) “Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030”. One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence: Report of the 2015–2016 Study Panel. Available at: https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/ (accessed: 18.12.2023).
Südekum J. (2018) Digitalisierung und die Zukunft der Arbeit. WPZ Analyse, no. 19, pp. 1–23.
Thagard P. (2010) The Brain and the Meaning of Life, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Thomale C. (2017) Von der bedingten Rechtsperson zum unbedingten Frieden der Völker – Exegetische Betrachtungen zu Gustav Radbruchs Rechtsphilosophie. Rechtwissenschaft, no. 1, pp. 25–44.
Thuemmel U. (2023) Optimal Taxation of Robots. Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1154–1190.
Volzhenkin B.V. (1998) Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ yuridicheskikh lits [Criminal liability of juristic persons], Saint-Petersburg: Sankt-Peterburgskiy yuridicheskiy institut General’noy prokuratury Rossiyskoy Federatsii. (In Russian).
Wiener N. (1968) Kibernetika ili upravlenie i svyaz’ v zhivotnom i mashine [Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine], I.Solov’ev, G.Povarov (transl.), 2nd ed., Moscow: Sovetskoe radio. (In Russian).
Wilson E. (2012) The Social Conquest of Earth, New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
Zoglauer T. (1998) Geist und Gehirn: Das Leib-Seele-Problem in der aktuellen Diskussion, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.